Rentals – Is it QBI or Not?
I would say that most of the emails and calls that I am getting right now on Section 199A is whether rents will be Qualified Business Income (QBI) or not. This blog post will provide my QBI conclusion on various types of rentals that farmers and farm landlords will typically have. However, I would like to start out with some of the case history directly related to farming and rents and see why this is so hard to know for sure based on the current proposed regulations.
First, let’s review the history of CRP rents. CRP contracts call for payments from the government in return for the landlord taking the ground out of production typically for 10 years. In return, the landlord will usually plant native grasses and other plants and “maintain” the property for the term of the contract. The maintenance in most cases is minimal. For several years, the IRS viewed these payments as not being trade or business payments subject to self-employment (SE) tax. However, starting about 15 years ago, the IRS started to assert these payments were related to a trade or business and subject to SE tax. Finally, in the Morehouse case, the Tax Court ruled that CRP landlords were in the trade or business of being an environmental friendly farm business and thus, subject to SE tax. Finally, this case was overturned by the Circuit Court and ruled that the CRP is in fact rents and not a trade or business. The IRS still views these payments as being trade or business income (even though they lost in court).
Second, we have a long case history starting with the Mizell case dealing with whether rents received from related parties are in fact trade or business income subject to SE tax or are in fact rents not subject to SE tax. In one of the latest cases, the Martin ruling indicated that as long as the rents are at FMV and call for no involvement by the landlord, then the rents are not subject to SE tax. It is the active involvement by the landlord that causes “rents” to rise to the level of a trade or business, not simply any sharing of income or expenses.
The bottom line of all of this case history is that landlords have to have some level of involvement in the “farm activities” to rise to a trade or business. Simply collecting cash or even a share of crops without any involvement likely does not rise to the level of a trade or business. And finally, even if we have that involvement, it is likely that the IRS will assert that the landlord at that point owes SE tax on the rents and will likely fully offset any tax advantage of the 199A deduction for lower income taxpayers.
Here is my current verdicts on whether rents are QBI:
- Rents received by landlords that are part of a common group – QBI
- Rents received by landlords who may be related parties, but do not meet the requirement to be a common group. For example, Son is the farmer and Sister is the landlord. We don’t know if Son and Sister are related parties even if mom and dad are alive and even if they are alive, are they required to have ownership in the farm operation and the land entity. – May Be QBI
- Cash rents received by landlords individually who may be owners in the farm operation, but do not meet the common group definition and have no involvement in farm operations as landlords (i.e. no SE tax on rents) – Not QBI
- Same as previous example, but landlord has active involvement in decisions, etc. and is paying SE tax on the rents – QBI
- Cash rents received by landlords renting ground to unrelated third parties and have no involvement – Not QBI
- Cash rents received by landlords renting ground to unrelated third parties, having involvement and likely paying SE tax – QBI
- Crop share landlords simply receiving a share of crop and only paying real estate taxes, crop insurance and interest and no involvement – Not QBI
- Crop share landlords paying share of chemicals, fertilizer and have some involvement, but not rising to the level of SE tax – Likely QBI
All of these current conclusions are based on the current propose regulations. The final regulations will likely provide additional clarity on all of these types of rents and there may be material changes to all or some of these conclusions. We will keep you posted.
Paul Neiffer is a certified public accountant and business advisor specializing in income taxation, accounting services, and succession planning for farmers and agribusiness processors. Paul is a principal with CliftonLarsonAllen in Walla Walla, Washington, as well as a regular speaker at national conferences and contributor at agweb.com. Raised on a farm in central Washington, he has been immersed in the ag industry his entire life, including the last 30 years professionally. Paul and his wife purchase an 180 acre ranch in 2016 and enjoy keeping it full of animals.
Landlord receives 50% of crop to market on there own, pays half of fertilizer, chemicals. Tenant calls landlord if they wish to forward their half of next years fertilizer.
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Do they get QBI?